힌디어에서 피부에 히알루론산의 용도는 무엇인가요?

Many sk에서scientists have shown a growing interest 에서루 론 산, as the 피부is an important reservoir of hyaluronic 산그리고an essential component of the extracellular mesenchyme (ECM), which plays an important role in the maintenance of the skin's morphology, structure 그리고function. There are at least three English names for hyaluronic 산[1. 2]: Hyaluronan, Hyaluronan, Hyaluronan, 그리고Hyaluronan. 2]: hyaluronan, hyaluronicacid, hyaluronate. glucuronic acid, isolated from the vitreous body of the cowގ년의 39;s eye는 히알루론산 [2]을 함유하는 것으로 발견된 최초의 글리코사이드였다.

Hyaluronic acid has good moisturising properties in Hindi, where it is used as a carrier for medicines, and skin care is closely linked to the pharmacological action of drugs [3]. Hyaluronic acid also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many dermatological diseases4], as it is a natural macromolecule with the ability to retain water and moisturise the skin, and is widely used in cosmetics.

히알루론산의 생물학 1

1.1 생물학적 구조

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an important class of aminoglycans, and its disaccharide does not contain sulfate groups, so it is also called non-sulfated aminoglycans. The disaccharide units of hyaluronic acid are glucuronic acid (GlcUA) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), which are linked to GlcNAc by the β1,3 bond of GlcUA, and to the next GlcUA by the β1,4 bond of GlcNAc. UDP-glcA provides D-glycuronate for the 히알루론산의 합성 through epimerisation at the C5 position, and hydrogen bonding between the 4-OH of GlcNAc and the O-acetyl group of GlcNAc is formed by bridging the water molecules, which is an important function in maintaining the natural activity of hyaluronic acid in the skin. At the same time, GlcUA has a strong acidic structure similar to that of AHA, but is completely neutral in the body. The bound form of hyaluronic acid exists as the hyaluronan 수용체complex (HARV) [5].

1. 2 Biosynthesis

The main site of hyaluronic acid biosynthesis in the body is the plasma membrane of fibroblasts or other cells, but also keratinocytes in the epidermis. Hyaluronic acid is synthesised rapidly in the body and is rapidly excreted or broken down. Its synthesis is influenced by hormones in the body, age, environmental factors and other factors. Hyaluronic acid is degraded by the enzyme hyaluronidase, which is produced by a variety of cells and first degrades hyaluronic acid to a medium-sized molecule of 20 KD containing 50-60 disaccharide units, which is then further degraded by other enzymes to oligosaccharide molecules. The half-life of hyaluronic acid in plasma is 2.5 min to 5.5 min, and urinary excretion is less than 1% of total clearance [6].

2 스킨 및 히알루론산

피부에서의 분포 2.1

Hyaluronic acid is synthesized by fibroblasts, keratinocytes or the plasma membrane of other cells. Hyaluronic acid exists in almost all tissues and fluids of the body, and the content of hyaluronic acid in the umbilical cord is 4100mg/L, and the content of hyaluronic acid in the bursal fluid is 1420mg/L~3600mg/L. However, the content of hyaluronic acid in the blood is only 0.01mg/L~0.1mg/L, and the content of hyaluronic acid in the urine is 0.1mg/L ~0.5mg/L. The amount in the urine is only 1% of the total amount excreted [6]. ~ However, blood contains at least 0.01mg/L to 0.1mg/L, and urine contains 0.1mg/L to 0.5mg/L. More than half of the body's 히알루론산은 피부에 위치합니다.표피와 진피층에서 농축되며, 스피노섬 (spinosum) 층 중간에 가장 풍부하고 기저층으로 점차 감소한다;그러나 과립층과 각질층에는 히알루론산이 전혀 존재하지 않는다.히알루론산으로 염색하면 표피 세포간 공간, 유두상 진피, 망상진피 [1.2] 등 염색강도가 내림차순임을 알 수 있다.

히알루론산과 상처 치유 2.2

Hyaluronic acid also plays an important role in the process of skin wound healing7], Hyaluronic Acid is one of the substances that reach the wound very early after injury, and the one that reaches the wound is the high molecular hyaluronic acid. When the body is in a metabolically stable state, HA binds to fibrinogen in the blood and forms a fibrous reticulum as a skeleton in combination with fibrin. hyaluronic acid is degraded under the action of hyaluronidase in 6-10 days, which stimulates the subsequent wound repair until the wound is completely repaired.

The time of inactivation of the enzyme of Hyaluronic Acid is in line with the change from the cell wandering and proliferation of the wound to the differentiation of the cells and maturation of the wound. Hyaluronic acid also enhances the action of thrombin at the site of injury, acting as a catalyst for fibrous clot formation. It also promotes pathological phagocytosis by monocytes. Due to its water-retaining and hydrating properties, HA facilitates cell movement by enlarging the intercellular space, creating a suitable environment for inflammatory cells to enter and maintain their activity. At the same time, hyaluronic acid promotes the entry and adhesion of epidermal cells, but also the proliferation and travelling of fibroblasts.

피부 궤양에 적용했을 때,히알루론산은 상처 치유를 촉진합니다, 기존의 치료법 [8] 보다도 더 그렇다.또한 수분 공급 효과는 피부의 일정한 수문 환경을 촉진해 상처 치유에 도움이 된다.또한 임신 중 여성의 피부 표면에 히알루론산 제제를 사용하면 튼살 자국이 나타나는 것을 줄이고 분만 후 회복을 용이하게 할 수 있다는 점에 주목할 필요가 있다 [1,13].

히알루론산과 피부 노화 2.3

Hyaluronic acid, as a major component of the extracellular interstitium, has a strong water-absorbent capacity that facilitates the flow of nutrients and plays an important role in maintaining the elasticity of the skin [1,13]. As the body continues to age, the skin's hyaluronic acid content becomes less and less, reducing the amount of water, leading to shrinkage of its contents and a decrease in viscosity. At the same time, the exchange of substances and energy between the skin's 조직액과 혈류가 감소되고 피부는 적당한 영양분을 공급받지 못하며 세포는 점차 노화되고 기능을 상실한다.

Several in vivo 연구have confirmed that Hyaluronic Acid levels decrease during the maturation process. In vitro experiments have shown that hyaluronic acid levels also decrease during cellular ageing [1,2,9]. Specifically, hyaluronic acid staining decreases in the middle stratum spinosum and basal layer of the epidermis during aging, and in the dermis around collagen fibres and between collagen and elastin fibres, while staining increases in the papillary layer of the dermis. The decrease in hyaluronic acid content of the dermis can cause the aging skin to lose its fullness and microvascular support, leading to the appearance of wrinkles and a decrease in skin elasticity. Pulsed EMF treatment, however, resulted in a sense of fullness, a reduction in wrinkles, and an increase in the content of amino-polysaccharides such as hyaluronic acid in the extracellular mesenchyme and between elastin fibres and collagen fibres. Other researchers have found that hyaluronic acid is reduced in the upper epidermis, and that hyaluronic acid is still present in the dermis of aged skin, but not in the epidermis. A decrease in free hyaluronan and an increase in bound hyaluronan were also found, suggesting that hyaluronan-binding proteins (HABPs) are also strongly associated with ageing, and that their levels are elevated during ageing, with fetal bound hyaluronan accounting for 7% of total hyaluronan compared with 23% in aged skin.

Fetal fibroblasts exhibit greater cell mobility than adults, which is related to the amount of Hyaluronic Acid produced by these cells [10]. Adult cells produce less Hyaluronic Acid, as hyaluronidase inhibits the movement of fetal fibroblasts, and a significant correlation was found between hyaluronic acid production and cell movement. A significant correlation was also found between hyaluronic acid production and cell wandering, while there is still no clear correlation between the decline in hyaluronic acid content and age.

히알루론산의 화장품 활용 3

3.1 수분 보유 및 히알루론산의 보습 특성

의 Relative molecular mass4 × 10⁶ of hyaluronic acid molecular chain length of 10μm, due to the straight chain axis of hydrogen bonding between monosaccharides, Hyaluronic Acid molecules in the space of a rigid helical column, radius of 200nm, the inner group of a large number of hydroxyl groups by the hydrophilicity of the hydrophilic group, the solution and the affinity for the water is about 1,000 times the mass of its own, but also because of the helix of the space of the outside has a hydrophobicity, so that the water in the spiral column immobilised, the water in the water. The hydrophobicity on the outside of the helical space makes the water immobile and not easy to be lost inside the helical column. At the same time, hyaluronic acid solution has unique hydrodynamic properties, with good viscoelasticity and strain, the low concentration of the solution is mainly viscous, while the high concentration of elasticity [1~3].

Despite the inconsistent results, it is clear that Hyaluronic Acid can act as a cellular barrier and lubricant to collagen, while at the same time facilitating the separation of tightly bound cells and allowing the cells to travel to the site of proliferation (e.g., site of injury, etc.). The synthesised Hyaluronic Acid forms directly into the extracellular matrix and is generally found as a periplasm on the surface of cell membranes. Hyaluronic acid is mainly found in rapidly proliferating, rebuilding and repairing tissues. Its biological role is mainly to maintain the extracellular space of tissue cells, to accelerate the flow of ions, solutes and nutrients and to maintain tissue hydration. This is due to the excellent water-absorbing and moisturising properties of Hyaluronic Acid.

Specifically, Hyaluronic Acid-rich ECM can draw a large amount of water from the dermis, and at the same time prevent evaporation and loss of water due to the epidermal lipid barrier, thus maintaining a constant hydrological environment in the skin []. Therefore, hyaluronic acid is widely used in cosmetics as the most ideal natural moisturising factor. Therefore, many cosmetic manufacturers at home and abroad make use of hyaluronic acid's 천연 수분 흡수 및 보습 효과로 화장품에 히알루론산을 첨가하여 다양한 피부 타입, 기후 및 환경에 사용하기에 적합합니다.이는 제조업체들로 하여금 일정한 이익을 얻게 할뿐만 아니라 일정한 기능을 놀아 소비자들의 요구를 충족시키며 특히 피부가 건조하고 춥고 건조한 환경에 있는 사람들에게 적합하다.

히알루론산의 노화 방지 효과 3.2

Hyaluronic acid has excellent functions in improving the physiological conditions of the skin, such as providing sufficient moisture to the stratum corneum, strengthening the skin barrier, providing an excellent external environment for the synthesis of dermal collagen fibres and elastin fibres, and enhancing the supply of a variety of nutrients, which is effective in skin care and skin maintenance. In addition, in vitro or animal studies have found that: ① hyaluronic acid bound on the cell surface can block the release of some cellular enzymes to the outside of the cell to reduce the production of free radicals, and hyaluronic acid bound on the cell surface can restrict several enzymes that produce free radicals and lipid peroxidation from approaching the cell membrane, and reduce the influx of hydroxyl radicals on the surface of the cell membrane.

Free radicals play an important role in destroying cell structure, generating lipid peroxidation and causing aging. ② Low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (LMW-HA) was also found to have anti-inflammatory and pathological inhibiting effects in rodents. Hyaluronic acid can provide a suitable matrix for cell proliferation and differentiation, and at the same time, the hyaluronic acid bound on the cell surface can directly transmit the external growth signals to the cells, which can directly promote the proliferation, reconstruction and repair of the tissues, and promote the recovery of the ECM function, so as to recover the elasticity and fullness of the skin. Its excellent matrix space structure and ability to maintain water balance play an important role in improving the internal environment of skin tissues and the supply of nutrients, thus showing a certain anti-aging effect. Therefore, people use hyaluronic acid to inhibit the pathological phagocytosis of animal cells, use it to inhibit inflammation, inhibit the production of free radicals, etc., and water retention and moisturisation combined with the application of cosmetic products, to achieve anti-wrinkle and anti-inflammatory, rejuvenation and anti-ageing effect [11,12].

Although the polymer Hyaluronic Acid was found to have the effect of delaying skin aging in animal studies, these so-called anti-aging cosmetics have been found to have the effect of delaying skin aging in animal studies. However, most of these so-called anti-aging cosmetic substances are based on their temporary hydration or moisturising effect, which reduces blemishes, imperfections and other undesirable symptoms from the skin's의 외관이지만, 히알루론산의 합성을 촉진하는 데 특히 중요한 피부에서 진피 섬유 세포에 의한 콜라겐 섬유 및 엘라스틴 섬유와 같은 세포 밖 중간체 (ECM)의 합성을 촉진하지 않습니다.진피층에 침투해 히알루론산의 합성을 자극해야만 피부의 노화과정을 아예 멈출 수 있다.생쥐의 경우, 피부의 oestradiol 투여시 히알루론산 (Hyaluronic acids) 1,2,12]의 합성이 촉진된다.체외 CaCl의 추가 연구에 의하면에 의해 문화 중간 HA 합성을 억제에 ₂ keratinocytes, microformic는 동안 산 루 론 산 생산을 촉진 한다.배양된 피부섬유아세포에 ascorbate와 cortisone을 첨가하여 히알루론산 합성을 감소시켰다.또한 섬유아세포 자손실험에서 24세대 이후의 섬유아세포에 의한 히알루론산의 생성이 불과 9세대 이후의 섬유아세포에 의한 히알루론산의 합성에 비해 2배 낮음을 확인하였는데, 이는 노인성 섬유아세포에 의한 히알루론산의 합성이 감소함을 의미하며, 배양기에 히알루로니다제를 첨가하면 히알루론산의 재합성이 촉진되고 세포 증식이 촉진됨을 확인하였다 [13].

At the same time, there are few published studies on the evaluation of the effects of HA application on normal human skin. Overseas experimental studies are generally based on damaged skin, as it is generally considered to be unable to cross the normal skin barrier.4 Stem synthesised [12] that small molecular amounts of HA (LMW-HA) (150 KD) derived from bovine trachea hydrolysed by endopeptidases were used 인간experiments, and concluded that HA was beneficial for normal hydration. The authors also claimed that the slow response of intact skin to cosmetic and dermatological treatments is not conducive to a correct interpretation of their efficacy and that the limitations of their study are obvious. The results of in vitro or population studies on the effects of HA when added to cosmetic products are generally based on measurements of skin capacitance, water evaporation and keratinisation after application3 [14], and there is a lack of studies on the delay of skin hydration. 14], there is a lack of objective, comprehensive and scientific evaluation of skin ageing. Although domestic and foreign cosmetic manufacturers are using HA, the exact effect of HA on normal skin (moisturising and anti-aging) has not yetbeen scientifically proven in a complete and systematic way.

결론적으로, 히알루론산은 생체 내 투여하거나 다른 방법으로 투여했을 때 확실하고 명확한 효과를 가지며, 뛰어난 수분 흡수와 보습 기능으로 피부에 영양소 공급을 촉진하고 피부 &의 지속력을 유지합니다#39;s 수문 환경, 그리고 예방 및 완화 피부 노화.따라서, 화장품에 널리 사용되어 왔다.과거에는하 (HA)는 동물 조직 추출물 (닭관, 탯줄, 카우's eye or microbial fermentation, etc.), and due to the possibility of contamination and allergy, it has now been transferred to the production of genetically engineered strains.The research and development of the production of HA as well as the exact efficacy of HA on the normal skin of the human body deserves further study, so as to facilitate its wide application in cosmetics.

참조

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[10] Fleischmajer R et al.Human dermal glycosaminolycans와 ag-ing.Biochim Biophys Acta,1972,279:265~275에 대한 자료입니다

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[13] Moczar M 등 인체 피부 섬유아세포의 체외 노화에서 히알루로니다제에 의한 세포 증식 자극.Exp Gerontol,1993,28:59~68

[14] Manuskiatti W  et  al.Hyaluronan and  피부, 논의 히알루로난이 할 수 있는 역할들 in human  skin  proliferation,healing and aging.Cos&. 토일,1996,111:89~90