식품 분야에서 히알루론산 분말의 용도는 무엇인가요?

people&로#39; 건강을 중시하는 소비패턴은 계속 진화하면서 건강과 아름다움을 위해 어떻게 먹을지가 소비자들에게 중요한 관심사로 떠오르고 있다.이에 따라 중국 시장에는 건강에 이롭거나 특정한 기능성을 보유한 다양한 신자원 식품들이 등장하고 있다.새로운 자원 식품 (New resource foods)은 다음을 가리킨다음식 재료중국에서 새로 개발되거나 발견되거나 도입되고, 확립된 식용 습관이 없으며, 기본적인 식품 안전 요구에 부합하는 것입니다.히알루론산 (루 론 산, 히알루로난)은이 과에 새로 태어났다.이 글에서는 히알루론산의 경구 흡수 메커니즘과 건강 이점을 살펴보고, 다양한 국가의 관련 경구 히알루론산 제품을 소개하며, 식품 산업에서 히알루론산 개발에 대한 지원을 제공합니다.

경구 히알루론산 소개 1

Hyaluronic acid is a linear, high-molecular-weight acidic mucopolysaccharide composed of alternating units of D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Commercially available hyaluronic acid is typically its sodium salt, i.e., sodium hyaluronate. Hyaluronic acid is widely distributed in biological organisms, with high concentrations in joint cavities, skin, eye vitreous humour, cartilage, umbilical cord, and rooster combs [1]. In 1934, Meyer et al. from the United States first isolated this substance from the vitreous humour of cow eyes. Hyaluronic acid possesses unique functions such as skin moisturisation, nutrition, anti-aging, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, wound healing promotion, joint function improvement, and drug delivery. It is a versatile and high-performance functional biochemical substance widely used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, biochemistry, and health foods.

Early hyaluronic acid was primarily extracted from human umbilical cords and chicken combs; however, limited raw material sources restricted production scale. With the continuous maturation of fermentation-based hyaluronic acid production technology, hyaluronic acid production has undergone a series of transformations from raw materials to technology, and hyaluronic acid has gradually evolved from an expensive ‘rare substance’ into a functional ingredient widely recognised by consumers.

As a natural component of living organisms, hyaluronic acid, though present in only 15 g in the normal human body, plays a crucial role in maintaining normal bodily functions and delaying aging. Hyaluronic acid content is highest during the embryonic stage, reaching 20 times that of adult tissues, and decreases gradually with age. If the relative hyaluronic acid content in the human body at age 20 is set at 100%, it decreases to 65%, 45%, and 25% by ages 30, 50, and 60, respectively. Hyaluronic acid levels also vary among individuals of the same age, with those suffering from premature aging showing significantly lower levels and exhibiting various signs of aging [2]. The conversion rate of hyaluronic acid in mammals is extremely high. A decrease in hyaluronic acid can lead to various issues such as arthritis, skin aging, increased wrinkles, and presbyopia [3]. Therefore, the level of hyaluronic acid in the body can be regarded as a measure of the degree of human aging. Currently, it is believed that oral supplementation of hyaluronic acid to replenish endogenous hyaluronic acid is an effective approach for beauty, health, and longevity.

In China, the primary application areas of hyaluronic acid are concentrated in the pharmaceutical, clinical diagnosis and treatment, and cosmetics industries, accounting for over 98% of total usage [4]. Its application in food is still in its infancy, with limited reports available. Research on the use of hyaluronic acid in food first emerged in Japan, where official institutions have affirmed the safety of both extraction and fermentation methods for producing hyaluronic acid. Animal experiments have shown that hyaluronic acid is non-antigenic, and potential allergic reactions to hyaluronic acid in the human body are negative [5]. Acute toxicity experiments on rats indicated that oral administration of 500 mg/kg body weight of hyaluronic acid showed no antigenicity, no allergic reactions, and no teratogenic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic effects [6]. Oral experiments have shown that hyaluronic acid is practically non-toxic [7]. Since hyaluronic acid is a natural component of the human body and hyaluronic acid produced by different processes has no species differences, oral administration of hyaluronic acid has a high safety profile.

1980년대 후반,oral hyaluronic acid beauty and health supplements first appeared in Japan. The theoretical basis is that after oral administration, hyaluronic acid is digested and absorbed, increasing the precursors for hyaluronic acid synthesis in the body, thereby raising hyaluronic acid levels and concentrating them in skin tissue. This enhances the skin'의 촉촉한 유지 수용량은, 피부를 부드럽게 '의 각질층, 그리고 주름을 감소시키면서 피부 탄력을 개선한다 [8-9].히알루론산이 함유된 화장품과 달리 스킨& 에만 작용한다#39;s 표면은 국소 보습, 경구 히알루론산은 체내에서 외인성 히알루론산의 저하, 흡수, 재합성을 통해 작용하며, 이로 인해 내인성 히알루론산 수준을 증가시키고 전반적인 아름다움 및 건강 혜택을 얻습니다.

경구 히알루론산의 흡수 메커니즘 2

To date, through subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous administration, the local metabolism of hyaluronic acid in various tissues except the brain has been basically understood. However, due to the presence of endogenous hyaluronic acid, accurately measuring the absorption of exogenous hyaluronic acid is challenging, so pharmacokinetic studies on oral hyaluronic acid are still insufficient.

Jiang Qiuyan et al. [10] conducted an oral hyaluronic acid experiment in rats via gastric lavage, with a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight and a hyaluronic acid concentration of 0.6%. The experimental results showed a biphasic drug-time curve: a significant peak appeared approximately 2 hours after administration, followed by a decline in concentration between 2 and 4 hours, and a steady increase between 4 and 13hours. This phenomenon was explained as follows: the peak at approximately 2 hours was primarily due to the absorption of exogenous hyaluronic acid in a non-monosaccharide form by the body, while the peak after 4 hours was attributed to the degradation of exogenous hyaluronic acid into two monosaccharides, followed by their resynthesis within the body. After continuous oral administration of hyaluronic acid for 7 days and 30 days in rats, serum hyaluronic acid concentrations were measured. Compared with the control group, the free hyaluronic acid content in the skin was significantly increased after 30 days of continuous oral administration, indicating that hyaluronic acid can be concentrated in tissues with high hyaluronic acid content after oral administration and participate in the metabolism of hyaluronic acid in these tissues. Further animal experiments showed that after 30 days of oral administration of hyaluronic acid, the hyaluronic acid content in joint synovial fluid and skin was significantly increased in rats.

Lajos et al. [11] labelled hyaluronic acid with radioactive technetium and investigated its metabolism in Wistar rats and Beagle dogs. After 72 hours, the radioactivity in rat excreta decreased to 5%, with detectable radioactivity in blood, muscle, thyroid, and bone. Peak radioactivity was observed 4–6hours after oral administration, and both rats and dogs showed radioactivity in shoulder joint and spinal fluid 4 hours post-administration. These findings indicate that hyaluronic acid is absorbed by the body and distributed to organs and joints after oral administration.

The absorption, metabolism, and resynthesis of hyaluronic acid are complex biochemical processes, particularly the absorption process. Hyaluronic acid is a linear, straight-chain macromolecule, so its absorption mechanism cannot be explained using the conventional biochemical principles governing the absorption of spherical molecules. It is generally believed that the human body can only absorb macromolecules with a molecular weight (Mr) of approximately 10,000. However, for the absorption of polysaccharides, additional factors such as the spatial conformation of the substance, its water solubility, and whether it is easily hydrolysed in the intestine must also be considered. For hyaluronic acid, its excellent water solubility and linear molecular structure, which facilitates absorption, make its absorption in the human body possible. Animal experiments have confirmed this through oral absorption data in the stomach; the results indicate that absorption efficiency is correlated with the Mr of the administered dose, suggesting that hyaluronic acid may also be absorbed in non-monosaccharide forms after oral administration. Additionally, the absorption of hyaluronic acid in the body is also related to the final formulation of the food product. Since hyaluronic acid is a large molecular polymer, its disintegration and dissolution processes in the human body also influence its bioavailability.

3  경구 히알루론산의 효능에 관한 연구

3. 미용과 건강상의 이점

The dermis of the human body is primarily composed of collagen. Skin aging is caused by changes in collagen, which are attributed to a reduction in hyaluronic acid, a component with hydrating properties. The content of hyaluronic acid in the human body is in a dynamic equilibrium process. In a healthy individual, there are both degradation and synthesis reactions of hyaluronic acid. As age increases, this dynamic equilibrium is gradually disrupted, leading to a decrease in hyaluronic acid content and the gradual appearance of aging signs. Therefore, oral supplementation of exogenous hyaluronic acid to increase its synthesis in the body has become a key strategy for delaying aging.

Pang Xiaoyang et al. [12] conducted human efficacy trials using a skin-moisturising and beauty product formulated with chicken comb extract and other ingredients. The product was administered once daily at a dose of 4 capsules for 30 days. Compared with their own baseline and the control group, the skin moisture levels of the test subjects were significantly improved. Yamamoto [8] conducted a human clinical study showing that after taking hyaluronic acid products (ECM-E) for 3–24 days, most test subjects had smoother and more moisturised skin, with aesthetic effects observed on the face and throughout the body.

Huaxi Furuida Biotechnology Co., Ltd.는 피부 수분 개선을 위한 인체 기능성 시험을 진행했습니다.실험 집단과 통제 집단은 각각 52명의 참가자로 구성되었으며, 이들은 투여되었다hyaluronic acid capsules (20 mg per capsule) and placebo, respectively, twice daily at 3 capsules per dose, for 45 consecutive days. The results showed that skin moisture levels in the trial group significantly increased after the trial, with significant differences compared to pre-trial levels and significant differences compared to the control group. After taking hyaluronic acid capsules, all test indicators were within normal ranges, and no allergic reactions or other adverse effects were observed, confirming the safety and efficacy of this product.

관절 기능 개선 및 골다공증 3.2

Japanese Q.P. Company [13] conducted a double-blind trial with 37 volunteers aged over 40 years old in the United States, using a placebo as the control group. Participants were administered 200 mg of high-purity hyaluronic acid daily, for 8 weeks. Joint pain changes were evaluated using the Western Ontario and Ontario Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score. The results indicated that hyaluronic acid effectively alleviated joint pain. Leneau et al. [14] also conducted related experiments, confirming that oral hyaluronic acid effectively alleviates arthritis symptoms and protects joint function.

Osteoporosis is the result of a long-term disruption of the balance between bone resorption and bone deposition. Stancikova et al. [15] studied the effects of oral administration of two Mr (1.62 × 10⁶ and 0.75 × 10⁶) and three doses (150, 500, 1000 μg/kg body weight) of hyaluronic acid on an ovariectomised osteoporosis animal model, After four weeks of continuous oral administration, all three high-Mr dose groups and the high-dose low-Mr group reduced the levels of bone resorption markers pyridinoline and deoxypyridinol in urine to normal levels, increased bone density, and the efficacy was dependent on the Mr and dose of orally administered hyaluronic acid.

위 점막 손상의 회복 3.3

Huaxi Furuida Biotechnology Co., Ltd. investigated the effects of oral hyaluronic acid on chronic gastric ulcers using a rat gastric injury animal model. The hyaluronic acid dose was 45 mg/kg, with potassium citrate bismuth (BPC) as the positive control at 45 mg/kg, and physiological saline (NS) as the negative control at 10 mg/kg. Ulcer area changes were measured as the ulcer index. After 5 days of administration, there was no significant difference in ulcer area between the hyaluronic acid group and the BPC group compared to the NS control group. After 10 days of administration, the ulcer areas in the BPC and hyaluronic acid groups were smaller than those in the NS control group (P < 0.05), indicating that hyaluronic acid promotes ulcer healing with effects similar to those of BPC, suggesting that hyaluronic acid has a protective effect on the gastric mucosa and can repair damaged gastric mucosa.

3.4 그 밖의 효과

With the increasing complexity and diversity of human health issues, research on the effects of oral hyaluronic acid has extended to many related fields, including promoting wound healing [16], improving cardiovascular function [17], alleviating symptoms of osteoarthritis [18], enhancing immune function [19], and promoting angiogenesis [20], all of which have yielded satisfactory results.

히알루론산 함유 식품의 시장 분석 4

The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare conducted a safety assessment of 489 food additives, including hyaluronic acid, and included hyaluronic acid in its list of food additives. In 2009, the Japanese Health and Nutrition Food Association established industry standards for hyaluronic acid in foods, affirming its safety for consumption. South Korea has approved hyaluronic acid as a food additive for use in food manufacturing. The United States, China, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Czech Republic, and other countries have also launched multiple hyaluronic acid-containing food products, indicating that hyaluronic acid as a food ingredient has been recognised in multiple countries.

4. 1 일본

Currently, hyaluronic acid-containing food products in Japan are categorised into two types: health functional foods (health foods) and general foods. A brief introduction to some products is provided below.

4.1.1건강기능식품 (Health Foods)

MAX Hyaluronic Acid produced by Beauty and Health Co., Ltd. contains water-soluble collagen protein and hyaluronic acid as its active ingredients, primarily used for hydration and enhancing skin elasticity. Collagen Oral Solution developed and produced by Shiseido contains small-molecule fish collagen protein and hyaluronic acid as its main components. Qusai Co., Ltd. produces a powder that can be added to beverages—Hyaluronic Acid Collagen Protein—whose main components are collagen protein, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulfate-containing mucopolysaccharide proteins. Two health foods under the Japanese DHC brand primarily contain hyaluronic acid and fish collagen protein, accounting for the top two sales positions among the brand'의 건강 식품.게다가, 체중 감량 건강 식품들은 또한 히알루론산을 함유하고 있습니다.

4.1.2일반 식품

Japan also offers a variety of general foods containing hyaluronic acid, including beverages, yogurt, chewing gum, jam, jelly, salad dressing, tea powder, egg soup mix, honey, soft candy, noodles, and green tea. A jelly-like sports nutrition product with collagen and hyaluronic acid as its active ingredients is primarily used to replenish nutrients lost from the skin over time and is widely available in supermarkets. Additionally, Meiji Seika Co., Ltd. produces a hyaluronic acid-containing jelly.

Japan New Drug Co., Ltd. has launched a bottled beverage containing hyaluronic acid, with main ingredients including hyaluronic acid, fruit juice, acidity regulators, and cherry plum; Japan Mandai Fermentation Co., Ltd. has introduced a bottled beverage containing hyaluronic acid, with main ingredients including hyaluronic acid, fruit juice, water-soluble collagen protein, plant fermentation extracts, coenzyme Q10, and vitamin B; DyDo Co., Ltd. has launched a hyaluronic acid-containing beverage, with main ingredients including hyaluronic acid, collagen, and ceramides. Kracie Food Co., Ltd. has introduced several hyaluronic acid-containing chewing gums and soft candies. Kikkoman Co., Ltd. has launched hyaluronic acid-containing jams and salad dressings. Aoi Seicha Co., Ltd. also produces green tea containing hyaluronic acid.

4.2 미국

In the United States, hyaluronic acid-containing foods are primarily dietary supplements, with their main functions focused on improving skin and joint health. Nutritional Specialties produces Life Time capsules, which contain 140 mg of hyaluronic acid and are primarily used to maintain hydration and lubricate joints. Nutraceutical International produces Solaray capsules, whose main ingredients include 20 mg of hyaluronic acid, 50 mg of vitamin C, as well as cellulose, triethylglycol, silica, and magnesium stearate. Purity Products'바이탈 히알루론산 소프트겔은 50 mg의 히알루론산을 함유하고 있으며, 비타민 A, C, E, B6, B12, 콜라겐 단백질, 코엔자임 Q10, 에이코사펜타에노산 (EPA), 도코사헥사에노산 (DHA) 및 기타 물질;Purity's 궁극의 H.A. 포뮬러 캡슐은 다른 성분 중 히알루론산과 황산 콘드로이틴을 함유하고 있습니다.

NBTY' s Doctor's 트러스트 히알루론산 캡슐에는 인산수소무수칼슘, 인산마그네슘, 스테아르산, 스테아르산마그네슘, 실리카와 함께 히알루론산 50 mg이 주성분이다.캘리포니아 Natural's 히알루론산 공식에는 타입 II 콜라겐 500 mg, 히알루론산 50 mg, 황산 콘드로이틴 100 mg이 함유되어 있다.원본 Naturals'히알루론산 (정제)에는 히알루론산, 황산 콘드로이틴 및타입 II 콜라겐다.NeoCell's 심해어 콜라겐 단백질 + 히알루론산 캡슐은 주로 피부 주름 방지 및 보습 목적으로 사용되며 소비자들 사이에서 널리 인기가 있습니다.

4. 3 중국

2008년 5월, 국가 보건부는'신자원 식품 관리를 위한 관리 조치'에 따른 발표를 통해 히알루론산 나트륨을 새로운 자원으로 승인했다건강 식품에 사용할 수 있는 식품 재료다.이번 발표에서는 차이나&에 히알루론산을 적용하는 것을 홍보할 예정입니다#39;의 건강 식품 분야.현재 중국의 히알루론산 함유 식품은 주로 건강식품으로 주요 효능은 피부 수분 공급 개선이다.식재료로서의 역사가 비교적 짧기 때문에 중국에서 구할 수 있는 히알루론산 함유 식품의 종류는 제한적이다.

2012년 북경통렌탕건강제약유한회사.'s “Tongrentang Brand Hyaluronic Acid Marine Fish Collagen Peptide Powder (Apple Flavour, Orange Flavour)” was approved for registration by the China Food and Drug Administration, primarily for improving skin moisture and antioxidant properties.

같은 해, 상하이 Jinhao 건강 식품 유한 회사.' s"Shann'er Brand Collagen Protein Hyaluronic Acid Vitamin C Powder” was also approved, with its primary function being to improve skin hydration.

4.4기타 국가

In South Korea, Lotte Company launched beverages containing hyaluronic acid and V12 vitamin water; Nanyang Industrial Company launched tea beverages containing hyaluronic acid. In Canada, Health & Beauty Company; in the United Kingdom, Higher Nature Company; and in the Czech Republic, Nutrend Company launched powdered supplements containing hyaluronic acid. In Malaysia, I-deal Company launched beauty beverages containing hyaluronic acid.

It is evident that the use of hyaluronic acid in health supplements (health foods) and general foods is already widespread in countries such as Japan, the United States, and South Korea, and has been widely accepted by consumers.

히알루론산 건강보조식품 4.5 제형

알약 4.5.1

Tablets are the earliest dosage form for hyaluronic acid health supplements. During production, they typically include other nutrients and excipients such as collagen, elastin, vitamin C, and crystalline cellulose. This dosage form is commonly found in products from Japan and the United States, typically targeting beauty, nutrition, and anti-aging functions.

4.5.2 캡슐

Currently, capsules are the most common dosage form for hyaluronic acid health supplements available on the market. They are often combined with nutrients such as collagen, vitamins, chondroitin sulfate, and plant extracts. Soft capsules are generally more expensive, with the capsule containing a mixture of oily liquids, often including fat-soluble vitamins, lecithin, EPA, and hyaluronic acid, among other nutrients. Hyaluronic acid exists in a suspension state within the capsule. Products in this formulation are primarily targeted at beauty, nutrition, and anti-ageing health benefits.

경구용 액체 4.5.3

최근 히알루론산을 함유한 경구용 액체 제형이 소개되고 있는 제품이다.히알루론산은 용해 상태로 존재하기 때문에 섭취 후 더욱 빠르게 흡수 및 대사됩니다.대표적으로'Syno-Vital H2O','Synthovial 7'등 관절 건강과 관련된 건강 혜택을 위해 해외에 자리 잡은 제품들에 주목할 필요가 있다.

분말형 제형 4.5.4

Another recent trend is oral powder formulations containing hyaluronic acid, which are characterised by easy solubility and absorption. The oral efficacy of these products is often positioned for beauty and health, such as skin hydration, with examples including ‘Tong Ren Tang Hyaluronic Acid Marine Fish Collagen Peptide Powder,’ which has been approved for sale in China.

5 올리고머형 히알루론산

히알루론산의 활성은 분자량 (Mr)과 관련이 있기 때문에 Mr 값이 다른 히알루론산은 완전히 반대의 활성을 나타낼 수 있다.따라서 전 세계 각국은 히알루론산의 분해 및 분해산물에 주목하기 시작하였고, 저분자 히알루론산 및 이에 대한 연구 및 개발 노력을 강화하고 있다올리고메릭 히알루론산(Oligo-hyaluronic 산)다.특히 올리고-히알루론산은 Mr이 10,000 이하이고 단당류 잔기 수가 2-40 (일반적으로 4-16)인 히알루론산 분자의 조각이다.일반적인 히알루론산 [21] 과는 성질이 상당히 다르다.Mr이 작기 때문에 올리고-히알루론산은 더 빠른 용해 속도와 더 나은 생체 이용성을 나타낸다.

히알루론산이 더 작은 조각으로 가수분해되면 장에서 더 쉽게 흡수된다.흡수 후에는 내인성 효소의 작용으로 특정 부위에서 히알루론산으로 재합성된다.일본 신약 회사는 Mr 3000으로 올리고-히알루론산의 경구 효능을 연구했다.참가자들은 투여 3000 씨와 루 론 산, 1. 2 × 10 ⁴, 10 × 10 ⁴, 40 × 10 ⁴, 그리고 100 × 10 ⁴ 구두로 4주 동안 매일 복용 한 50 mg와 100 mg이다.그 결과 경구용 올리고당-히알루론산 투여군의 피부 수분 함량이 다른 군에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며, 피험자 '피부 견고함이 강화되면서 피부 미세라인이 감소되었으며, 100 mg 투여군이 더 뚜렷한 효과를 보였다.따라서, 연구원들은 하루에 120-240 mg의 섭취량을 사용한다는 결론을 내렸다고분자 히알루론산그 예로 소장 점막 투과성이 더 좋고 올리고-히알루론산의 흡수와 이용률이 높기 때문에 하루 섭취량을 50~100mg으로 줄일 수 있다.

6  전망

Currently, the variety and sales volume of health supplements containing hyaluronic acid are growing rapidly in both domestic and international markets. It is worth noting that currently available health supplements containing hyaluronic acid are primarily targeted at beauty, nutrition, and joint health. As research into the efficacy of oral hyaluronic acid continues to deepen, more new products with different functionalities are expected to emerge.

참조

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