진세노사이드 Rg5 란?

인삼 is known as 이“king 의herbs” 그리고is one 의이traditional Chinese precious herbs [1]. It has 한significant 효과에treating low body immunity [2], neurodegenerati에[3], 암[4, 5], cardiovascular disease [6], etc. Ginsenosides are the ma에서active ingredients 의ginseng. More than 80 different types 의ginsenosidemonomers have been isolated 에서인삼뿌리[7]. In recent years, a large number 의studies have been conducted at home 그리고abroad 에the 약리 학적effects 그리고molecular mechanisms 의ginsenosides.

인삼sapon에서Rg5is one 의the ma에서components 의붉은ginseng다.1996년 한국 연구팀에 의해 처음 분리되었다 [8].인삼의 protopanaxadiol군 사포닌 Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd (이하 PPD사포닌이라 함)을 선택적 가수분해하여 얻은 2차 사포닌으로, [9] 2차 사포닌을 입체 선택적 탈수하여 얻은 2차 사포닌이다 (그림 1참조). 동물 및 인간을 대상으로 한 임상시험 결과 Rg5는 cisplatin-induced 신 독성[10] 감소, 항암 [11], 폐염증 개선 [12] 및 기억력 개선 [13]에 상당한 효과가 있을 뿐만 아니라,하지만 안전성도 뛰어납니다.최근 암, 염증, 기억 및 기타 측면에서 ginsenosideRg5의 좋은 치료 효과로 Rg5에 대한 연구가 점차 심화되고 있습니다.본 논문은 주로 국내외의이 화합물에 대한 연구를 ginsenosideRg5의 준비, 분리 및 약리학적 활성의 측면에서 검토하였다.

진세노사이드 Rg5의 제조방법 1

Ginsenoside Rg5인삼과 파낙스 노토삼 [14] 등의 가공품에 극소량 존재한다.현재 국내외에서 희귀한 진세노사이드 Rg5단량체 제조에 대한 연구는 상대적으로 적은 실정이다.기존의 제조방법은 인삼을 가열하여 가공인삼을 만들고, 이로부터 진세노사이드 Rg5를 추출하여 분리하는 것이다.이러한 ginsenoside의 분리 및 제조기술과 물리적, 화학적 특성에 대한 연구가 심화됨에 따라 사람들은 점차 인삼분말로부터 직접 ginsenoside Rg5를 추출하거나 PPDginsenoside의 구조를 변형하여 ginsenoside Rg5를 제조하려고 시도하였다 (그림 2 참조).

1. 가공된 인삼을 원료로 사용하여 준비 1

1. 1. 산삼찜 방법의 가공법 1

전통적인 중국medicine 처리methods have been developed over thousands 의years 그리고include steaming, roasting, boiling, soaking 에서wine, vinegar or other liquids, etc. The enhanced pharmacological activity 의찐인삼may be due 을the generation 의덜북극ginsenosidesRg3, Rk1그리고 Rg5[15]. Raw fresh 인삼can be dried under different conditions 을produce 처리ginseng 와different amounts 의rare ginsenosides, such as white ginseng, 붉은ginseng, black ginseng (also known as purple ginseng), 그리고sun ginseng.

Red ginseng is processed ginseng made 에 의해김이 모락모락나는fresh ginseng at 95–100 °Cfor 3 h 그리고drying at 50–60 °C[16]. KIM et al. [17] used water 그리고methanol solutions with 70% 그리고100% volume fractions were used for direct ultrasonic extraction or 붉은ginseng was soaked 에서water for 2 h 그리고then extracted with 100% methanol for 3 h. Ginsenoside Rg5was not detected 에서any 의the four extraction methods. KWON et al. [18] steamed fresh ginseng at 120 °C for 3 h, then extracted with methanol 에 의해reflux for 6 h. The contents 의20 (S)-Rg3, 20 (R)-Rg3, Rk1 그리고 Rg5에서the ginseng 추출were significantly increased, 그리고the content 의Rg5reached 3.3% 의the ginseng extract. KIM et al. [19] studied the effects 의different steaming temperatures on the chemical composition 그리고biological activity 의ginseng. fresh ginseng was steamed at 100 °C, 110 °C and 120 °C, respectively. The results showed that the content 의ginsenosidesRg3and Rg5에서ginseng steamed at 120 °C was the highest, accounting for 39% and 19% 의the total sapon에서mass, respectively. The fact that Rg5was not detected 에서red ginseng and that its content increased when the processing temperature was raised indicates that, with에서a certain range, an increase in temperature is conducive 을the production 의the rare ginsenoside Rg5.

Using fresh ginseng as raw material and drying it at 55 °C for 7 days, white ginseng with a total water content 의less than 14% can be obtained. The re-sultant ginseng is obtained 에 의해steaming the white ginseng at 98 °C for 30 h, drying at 50 °C for 24 h, and then steaming at intervals 의5 h for 30–45 h, and drying again [20]. Liquid chromatography analysis 의the ginsenoside content between the main 루트and 섬유root 의ginseng revealed that steaming the fibrous root produced more Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5than the main root. In terms of the effect of steaming time, between 60 and 70 h, the content of rare ginsenosidesgradually increased with the extension of steaming time, but when the steaming time was further extended, the content of rare ginsenosidesdecreased slightly. At this time, the content of newly generated ginsenosides20 (S) -Rg3, 20 (R) -Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5was 2.398%, 1.501%, 1.136%, and 1.756%, respectively. The experimental results show that, within a certain time frame, long steaming is more conducive to the production ginsenosides의Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5. This steaming method is of great significance for the efficient preparation of ginsenosides.

Black ginseng is processed ginseng that is made 에 의해steaming fresh ginseng at 97 °C for 3 h, drying at 60 °C, steaming and drying repeatedly for nine times [21]. SHIN et al. [16] found that the content of the main ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rg1 in black ginseng is significantly lower than that in red ginseng. In contrast, the rare ginsenosides Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5were found to be significantly higher than those in red ginseng, with the total content of Rk1 and Rg5 reaching 14.2% of the total ginsenosides.

Xianshen is a processed ginseng made 에 의해heating white ginseng at 120 °C for 3 h [22]. Xianshen was extracted 에 의해refluxing with methanol at 70 °C for 2 h. Analysis showed that the total saponin content of the xianshen extract was about 10% 에 의해mass, and was mainly composed of saponinsRb1, Rc, Rb2, 20 (S) -Rg3, 20 (R) -Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5. Among these, the low-polarity rare ginseng saponins represented by ginsenoside Rg5(22.8% of total saponins) account for 70% of the total ginseng saponins.

신선한 인삼의 가공 방법의 차이로 인해,red ginseng, white ginseng, black ginseng and xianshen produce different distributions of ginsenosides. During the steaming process, appropriately increasing the steaming and drying temperature or extending the time is conducive to the production of more rare ginsenosides Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5.

In addition to ginseng, other ginseng plants such as American ginseng and 파낙 스notoginseng can also be used to prepare ginsenoside Rg5by steaming. For example, Panax notoginseng roots are steamed at 120 °C for 12 h at a pressure of 0.12 MPa to obtain processed Panax notoginseng. Processed Panax notoginseng root was extracted with an 80% methanol aqueous solution at room temperature, and the content of Rg5 in each gram of Panax notoginseng root powder was 0.287% [14].

The steaming process promoted the 변환of ginsenosides 에서주요ginsenosides to secondary ginsenosides. This is consistent with previous reports of the appearance of new ginsenosides such as Rk1, Rg5, and Rg3under high temperature conditions [23], but the steaming method has disadvantages such as poor targeting, low efficiency, and long processing times, and further improvement is needed.

1. 1. 2가공 산삼 찜과 푸핑을 위한 가공법

The puffing method is a method of changing the physical and chemical 속성of food 을 통해heat compression. High-temperature puffing for a short period of time can cause physical and chemical changes in food and Chinese herbal medicines. After puffing, the extraction rate of ginseng and the content of crude saponins are both increased, and it contains more ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5 and Rk1 [24-25]. White ginseng, red ginseng, and black ginseng samples were mixed with rice [m (ginseng): m (rice) = 1:4] and the mixture was heated in a traditional rotary expander. When the chamber pressure reached 490 kPa, the valve was opened to reduce the pressure to 196 kPa, and the chamber was reheated to 784 kPa to obtain the 내뿜ginseng sample [26]. According to the data, several polar ginsenosides are converted into low-molecular-weight non-polar rare ginsenosides during the roasting process of ginseng. According to the HPLC chromatogram, the contents of rare ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 in white ginseng, red ginseng, and black ginseng are 17.2%, 18.5%, and 16.1% of the total ginsenosides, respectively, indicating that the puffing process can greatly change the distribution of ginsenosides in white ginseng, red ginseng, and black ginseng. It is a processing method for ginseng with a high conversion rate of ginsenosides, a short processing time, and low energy consumption [16].

1. 인삼분말을 원료로 사용하여 2가지 준비

HUANG 등 [27]이 사용했다ginseng powder as a raw material and prepared ginsenosides Rg5 and Rg3 from protopanaxadiolsaponins by tartaric acid induction, and used extended column adsorption chromatography to separate ginsenosides Rg5 and Rg3. The experimental results showed that 10 g of ginseng powder was extracted by ultrasound with 0.8 mol·L-1 D, L-tartaric acid in an aqueous ethanol solution with a volume fraction of 10%, and separated by column chromatography. obtaining 22.2 mg of Rg3 with a purity of 14.6% and 13.3 mg of Rg5 with a purity of 11.9%. Compared with the conventional method, the preparation time is significantly shortened, but the yield of Rg5 is low. Guo et al. [28–29] used ginseng root powder as a raw material, hydrochloric acid as a catalyst, and a microwave-assistedmethod to directly extract the rare ginsenoside Rg5 from ginseng root powder. A response surface was used to optimize the extraction method of ginsenosides, and the optimal extraction process conditions were obtained as follows: extraction power 500 W, the acid concentration of the extraction solution was 0.12 mol·L-1, the solid-liquid ratio was 1:42 (g·mL-1), and the extraction time was 9 min. At this time, the yield ginsenoside의Rg5 was 3.14% (calculated based on the 대량of the ginseng root powder). A recent report by WANG et al. [30] shows that 3.05% Rg5 per gram of black ginseng can be obtained by weighing 10.0 g of black ginseng powder, dissolving it in 1.5 Lof 0.1% formic acid solution, and steaming it in an autoclave at 120 °C for 2 h.

Compared with the traditional steaming process for extracting and separating ginsenoside Rg5, the direct preparation of ginsenoside Rg5 from ginseng powder as a raw material significantly shortens the preparation time, improves efficiency, and is highly targeted. It is an ideal preparation method for ginsenoside Rg5.

1.3 protopanaxadiol 그룹 사포닌을 원료로 사용하여 제조

Guan et al. [31] prepared ginsenoside Rg5 by acid treatment of ginsenoside Rb1. Using 300 mg of ginsenoside Rb1 powder as the raw material, 0.05% acid by volume and 50% ethanol solution by volume were added, reacted under 0.12 MPa for 2 h to obtain rare ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 with a yield of 19.88%. SUN et al. [32] used lemon as a catalyst and protopanaxadiol (PPD) as a raw material to prepare rare ginsenoside Rg5 with a yield of 21.53%. Lemon contains citric acid and malic acid, which can be used to catalyze PPD. It has the advantages of low cost, easy operation, and environmental friendliness. 게다가,LIU et al. [33] optimized the process conditions for the preparation of the rare ginsenoside Rg5 by microwave-assisted degradation of Panax notoginseng stem and leaf total saponins using a response surface method. When the microwave power was 540 W, the microwave temperature was 153 °C, and microwave time 20 min, the yield of Rg5 can reach 43.07%. This method can quickly prepare ginsenoside Rg5 with a relatively high yield.

가공된 인삼에서 희귀 진세노사이드 Rg5를 추출하는 방법은 현재 가장 많이 사용되고 있으나 추출시간이 길고 추출효율이 낮다.이에 비해 인삼 퍼핑 공정은 시간을 절약할 수 있고 전환율이 높다는 장점이 있다.인삼가루를 직접 추출하여 준비합니다ginsenoside Rg5 준비 시간을 크게 줄일 수 있으며 Rg5의 수율은 상대적으로 높습니다.진세노사이드 Rg5를 준비하는 데 편리하고 효율적인 방법입니다.protopanaxadiol에서 Rg5의 추출은 조작이 간단하고 반응 시간이 짧고 수율이 높습니다.그것은 현재 높은 함량의 ginsenoside Rg5를 생산하기위한 최선의 선택입니다.

2. 진세노사이드 Rg5분리

As 연구into the pharmacological activity of ginsenoside Rg5 gradually progresses, the primary consideration is how to isolate and purify Rg5 to obtain a high-purity Rg5 monomer. This is of great research significance for the industrial production of ginsenoside Rg5 and its 응용 프로그램in various fields.

2.1 준비용 액체 크로마토그래피 분리

준비액체크로마토그래피는 생약과 천연물의 분석에 일반적으로 사용된다.이는 유기화합물을 분리하는 빠르고 효과적인 도구로서 갈수록 성숙되고 널리 사용되고있다.KIM [8] 등은 준비액체크로마토그래피를 이용하여 ginsenoside Rg5를 분리, 정제하였다.250 g의홍삼 파우더메탄올 추출물을 취하고, 물과 n-butanol을 혼합하여 추출하고, 회전증발을 통해 114g의 n-butanol 추출물을 얻었다.홍삼 분말의 n-butanol 추출물은 CHCl3-MeOH-H2O (10:3:1→9:3:1)와 n-BuOH-EtOAc-H2O (10:10:0.5)를 용출제로 사용하여 실리카겔 컬럼 크로마토그래피로 분리하였으며, 250 mg의 crude saponin을 얻었다.그리고 준비 액체 크로마토그래피 [CH3 CN-H2 O (V:V=4:6), 유량 2.5 mL·min-1]를 이용하여 추가로 정제하여 고순도 Rg5를 얻었다.

2017년 왕 등 [30]은 이를 무력화시켰다methanol extract of 10 g of black ginseng powder with saturated NaHCO3, extracted with water-saturated n-butanol, removed the solvent at 45 °C, and passed the residue 을 통해a silica gel column with CHCl3-MeOH(V:V= 8.5:1.5). obtaining a mixture of ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5. The mixture was then separated using semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography [MeOH: H2 O (V:V = 65:35), flow rate 2.5 mL·min-1] to obtain Rg5 with a purity of 98.0%. Preparative high-performance liquid chromatography can quickly obtain high-purity components. Compared with other methods, it has the advantages of being convenient and fast, and it has a better effect on the separation of Rg5.

2.2 컬럼 크로마토그래피 분리

Column chromatography is generally used to purify and separate organic or inorganic substances. Kim et al. [34] extracted the black ginseng root with ethanol, filtered, concentrated the ethanol extract in a rotary evaporator, degreased with ether, extracted with water-saturated n-butanol, and then subjected to column chromatography with CHCl3-MeOH-H2O (70:30:4) as the mobile phase to to obtain subfractions F1-F5. 2.59 g of subfraction F4 was further separated by reverse-phase column chromatography (60% acetonitrile) using 500 g of C-18 packing material to obtain 0.19 g of ginsenoside Rg5. GU et al. [14] used a methanol extract of Panax notoginseng obtained 2. 12 kg of total saponins by chromatographicdesugarization on a D101 column. Column chromatography was performed using CHCl3 -MeOH-H2 O (85:15:1→75:25:2) as the eluent to obtain eight components A-H. Component Bwas separated by RP-18 CC (MeOHH2 O, 1:1→9:1) to obtain five sub-fractions B1-B5. Fraction B1 was purified by RP-18 CC (MeOH-H2 O, V:V=7:3), and recrystallized in MeOH-H2 O (V:V = 75:25) to obtain 43 g of ginsenoside Rg5.

 2017년, GUO 등 (29)은의 산 가수분해로부터 Rg5를 준비하였다인삼 뿌리 가루,그리고 나서 chcl3-meoh (V:V = 8.5:1.5)를 용출물로 실리카겔 컬럼 크로마토그래피를 실시하여 순도 85.31%의 ginsenoside Rg5 생성물을 얻었다.이는 Rg5단량체에 대한 기초 연구에 간단하고 실현 가능한 방법을 제공합니다.컬럼 크로마토그래피는 중요한 분리 및 분석 방법으로서 조작이 간단하고 효율이 높으며 대용량의 처리가 가능하다는 장점이 있다.크로마토그래피 기술의 응용과 발전으로 컬럼 크로마토그래피는 점점 더 광범위한 역할을하고 있다.

3 약리학적 활성

Ginseng is considered to be an herb that prolongs life, and ginseng and Chinese medicinal formulas containing ginseng ingredients are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. At present, research on the efficacy of ginsenoside Rg5 is still in its infancy. With the gradual maturity of modern separation and analysis techniques, ginsenoside Rg5 has been found to have many pharmacological activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory, improving memory, anti-우울증, and promoting cell growth.

3.1 항암효과

암을 예방하는 진세노사이드의 역할이 규명됐다.인삼의 항암효과는 주로 암세포의 사멸과 전이를 유도할 수 있는 진세노사이드 (ginsenoside) 때문이다.연구에 따르면, 그 결과ginsenoside Rg5 can inhibit the proliferation of various 암cells, induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and is a promising anti-tumor drug.

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women. According to statistics, breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women. In China, the incidence of breast cancer is increasing year by year and the age of patients is getting younger. In 2014, Kim et al. [34] extracted Rg5 from the root of black ginseng그리고 MCF-7 유방암 세포에 대한 항암 활성을 연구하였다.Rg5의 항암기전을 분석하기 위해 세포주기법과 western blot 법을 사용하였다.Rg5가 세포생존성을 감소시키는지 확인하기 위해 이중염색 후 유세포분석기를 이용하여 세포를 분석하였다.그 결과 Rg5는 세포주기 단백질과 관련 세포사멸 단백질을 조절함으로써 G0/G1 phase에서 유방암 세포의 세포주기 정지 및 세포사멸을 자극함을 알 수 있었다.

리앙 등 [35]은 이를 발견했다ginsenoside Rg5 유도DNA damage in cancer cells. The test results showed that the degree of DNA damage is directly proportional to the concentration of Rg5, and that the increase in Rg5 concentration exacerbates DNA damage. Ginsenoside Rg5 was found to have significant genotoxicity in HeLa and MS751 cervical cancer cells, indicating its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent for cervical cancer cells. In cervical cancer cells, Rg5 blocks the transformation of the cancer cell cycle by reducing cyclin-dependent 산화효소activity.

ZHANG et al. [36] treated 식도cancer Eca109 cells with different concentrations of ginsenoside Rg524시간 동안, 그리고 미토콘드리아 막 전위의 감소, 세포질 유리 칼슘 수준의 증가, 그리고 세포사멸의 현저한 증가를 관찰하였다.PI3K/Akt 신호전달 경로는 인체 암에서 활성화된다는 것이 밝혀졌는데, Ginsenoside Rg5는 PI3K/Akt 신호전달 경로의 활성을 억제함으로써 인체 식도암 세포 Eca-109의 증식을 억제합니다.Rg5는 phosphoinositide-3 kinase와 phospho단백질kinase B신호경로를 통해 인체 식도암세포에서 세포사멸을 유도하며, 세포사멸률은 Rg5 작용 기간 및 농도에 정비례한다 [37-38].

L나는et al. [39-40] found that ginsenoside Rg5 inhibited the 침략and 마이 그레이 션of 위암cancer BGC-823cells. The proliferation and 사멸of gastric cancer BGC-823 cells, apoptosis-related factors and Bcl-2-related protein expression were all regulated by Rg5. Compared with the blank group, the Bcl-2protein expression in the high-concentration Rg5 group was reduced (P<0.05), indicating that ginsenoside Rg5 can effectively inhibit the proliferation of gastric cancer BGC-823 cells.

마이크로파 지원 공정은 추출된 산물의 진세노사이드 (ginsenosides)의 구조 전환을 효과적으로 개선하며, Rg3, Rg5 및 Rk1의 함량이 크게 증가한다.특히 Rg5와 Rk1의 약효가 더 좋다 [41].희귀 진세노사이드 Rg5와 Rk1의 함량은 전자레인지 사용 시간과 정비례해 증가한다.전자레인지에 60분 돌린 후,의 양ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 produced reached a maximum. Treatment with these ginsenosides on five 인간cancer cell lines showed that an increase in the amount of Rg5 and Rk1 significantly enhanced the 억제and anti-proliferation of cancer cells.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) to chemotherapeutic drugs remains a major challenge in clinical cancer treatment. When tumor cells become resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs, they kill both cancer cells and normal cells, causing increasingly severe adverse reactions. Today, reducing the resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs has become an urgent challenge in cancer treatment. FENG et al. [42] first found that Rg5 significantly enhanced the antitumor effects of chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX), paclitaxel (PTX), docetaxel (TXT), docetaxel (TXT), and doxorubicin (DOX) in MDR cell lines A2780/Tand A549/T at non-cytotoxic concentrations, without affecting the toxicity of sensitive cells. Rg5 overcomes ABCB1transporter-mediated chemoresistance and improves the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs, suggesting that Rg5 may be a good candidate for the treatment of MDR.

3. 항알레르기 및 항염증 효과 2

In 2015, AHN et al. [43] used 인간keratinocytesand macrophages to evaluate the anti-atopic dermatitis (AD) effects of the rare ginsenosides Rg5/Rk1 in 체외in order to verify the anti-AD effects of the rare ginsenosides Rg5/Rk1. Keratinocytes and macrophages produce different chemokines and cytokines that are considered to be key regulatory factors in the pathogenesis of AD. It was found that the expression of chemokines and cytokines was enhanced when stimulated by TNF-α/IFN-γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Pretreatment with Rg5/Rk1 attenuated NF-κB/p38 MAPK/STAT1 signaling, and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in macrophages. In addition, TNF-α/IFN-γ and lipopolysaccharide-induced chemokines and cytokines were significantly inhibited.

Rg5/Rk1 was found to strongly inhibit NF-κB/p38 MAPK/STAT1 신호and the mRNA and protein expression of keratinocytes and macrophages, suggesting that this compound has potential anti-AD effects. In order to evaluate the anti-allergic ginsenoside Rg5의 효과and its metabolites, ginsenoside Rg5 was orally administered and intraperitoneally injected, and it was found that both were effective in inhibiting the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) of 쥐caused by IgEantigen complexes. In addition, they had an anti-inflammatory effect on TAP-induced mouse ear inflammation. Pharmacological activity studies have shown that oral administration of ginsenoside Rg5 can effectively reduce IgE-induced allergic symptoms such as rhinitis and asthma [44]. Ginsenoside Rg5 can also improve inflammatory skin diseases such as contact dermatitis or psoriasis [45].

LEE et al. [46] studied the anti-inflammatory effect of ginsenoside Rg5 in BV2microglialcells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide and its molecular mechanism. The results showed that Rg5 inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production and promoted TNF-α secretion. In addition, Rg5 inhibited the mRNA expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1 β, COX-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expression, and may provide effective treatment for various neuroinflammatory diseases. LEE et al. [47] prepared rare saponins Rk1 and Rg5 by steaming ginsenoside Rd at 120 °C for 3 h and used them to treat sepsis caused by cecal ligation and puncture. The results showed that they could effectively reduce mortality and tissue damage in the body. The study found that Rk1 and Rg5 may treat sepsis by inhibiting HMGB1 secretion and the expression of HMGB1 receptors. The survival rate of diseased mice was significantly improved after treatment. This indicates that Rk1 and Rg5 can be used to treat severe vascular inflammatory diseases such as sepsis and 정화shock.

신경계에 미치는 영향 3.3

Ginsenoside Rg5는 Alzheimer&의 치료에 유익한 ginsenosides의 주요 활성 단량체입니다#39;s 병 [48].Rg5가 쥐의 기억력 장애, 인지 기능 장애를 현저히 억제하고 학습 및 기억력을 향상시킨다는 연구 결과가 나왔다.2017년 최 교수 등 [49]은 열 스트레스가 HT22 해마 세포에서 주기 정지를 일으킬 수 있으며, 게다가 HT22세포 손상을 일으키고 기억 관련 분자를 활성화 및 감소시킬 수 있다는 사실을 밝혀냈다.Rg5는 신경 보호 효과가 있는 천연 화합물로서 조절에 의해 산화적 스트레스와 열 스트레스로 인한 인지적 손상을 효과적으로 조절할 수 있다.자료에 따르면 스코폴라민은 건강한 젊은이들에게 기억력 장애를 일으킬 수 있으며, 알츠하이머&와 비슷한 증상을 보인다#39; s 질병이다.Scopolamine은 cholinergic system에 작용하며, 이는 Alzheimer&의 기능적 손실과 관련이 있다#39;s disease in patients with dementia, causing damage to it. Ginseng saponins Rg5 그리고 Rh3may protect against memory deficits by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity, increasing neurotrophic factor expression, and activating the binding of cAMP response factor and protein [50]. In order to explore the effects of ginsenoside Rg5 and other ginsenosides on ethanol-induced memory impairment in mice, the passive avoidance crossing method was used to stimulate memory in mice with electric shocks. The results showed that ginsenosides Rg5 and Rk1 and other ginsenosides have a significant effect on improving memory impairment symptoms and have a cognitive enhancing effect [3].

Depression, also known as depressive disorder, is clinically manifested as low mood and slowed movements. In recent years, with the increase in work pressure and the accelerated pace of life, the prevalence of depression has been rising year by year. In 2017, it was found that Rg5 has an antidepressant effect in mice by regulating the activity of the hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor 신호pathway, which provides ideas for the development of new antidepressants with higher efficacy and fewer side effects.

3. 4  세포 독성 효과

Since the 1980s, ginseng has been used in China to treat cardiovascular disease, but the mechanism of action was not clear at the time. Recent studies have shown [52] that Rg5 acts as a new natural agonist of IGF-1R in the vascular system, improving hypertension, promoting 혈관 신생and vasodilation. Rg5 activates multiple 신호pathways by promoting angiogenesis, reduces blood pressure through vasodilation, and has a significant repair effect on new blood vessels and endothelial function. The use of Rg5 to treat cardiovascular diseases caused by endothelial dysfunction (such as ischemia or hypertension) is of positive significance. Osteoblast differentiation markers include alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen content, calcium deposition and mineralization. After being stimulated by various 성장and differentiation factors, cells differentiate into mature osteoblasts after going through a development cycle. Studies have shown that Rg5 / Rk1 stimulates cell 성장and differentiation by increasing ALP activity, collagen synthesis and the formation of mineralized nodules. The marked increase in osteoblast differentiation markers indicates that Rg5/Rk1 촉진osteoblast growth and differentiation in an in vitro system. This suggests that the use of Rg5/Rk1 may enhance bone development and prevent bone metabolic disorders such as osteoporosis, and may help in the development of new therapeutic drugs [53].

3.5 그 밖의 효과

In addition, ginsenoside Rg5당뇨병, 간 및 신장 독성, 미백에 대한 효과로 연구되고 있습니다.PONNURAJ등 [54]은 Rk1/Rg5 복합치료가 IGF-2R 수용체의 결합부위를 증가시키고, 포도당 흡수를 증진시키며, 당뇨병 치료에 역할을 하는 CHOP-mediated signaling pathway를 통해 인슐린 민감성과 반응을 향상시킬 수 있다는 것을 발견했다.또한 Ginsenoside Rg5는 생쥐에서 시스플라틴에 의해 유도된 신독성을 개선 (산화 스트레스 감소, 염증 및 세포 사멸 억제 등 포함) [10] 함으로써 신장에 대한 보호 효과를 높여 암 치료에 백금 화합물의 임상 적용 범위를 넓힐 수 있습니다.동시에, Rg5는 또한 아세트아미노펜 (APAP) [30]의 과도한 사용에 의한 급성 간부전에 일정한 약리학적 효과가 있다.진세노사이드 Rg5는 좋은 약리학적 효과 외에도 미용에도 좋은 결과를 보여줍니다.2018년 JIN 등 [55]은 인삼의 미백 활성을 평가했다.시료의 미백효과를 실험하기 위하여 사람의 피부와 제브라피쉬 배아를 실험재료로 사용하였다.그 결과 진세노사이드의 Rg5/Rk1은 MEK-ERK신호전달 경로를 활성화함으로써 미백 효과를 얻는 것으로 나타났다.이번 연구는 흑삼 추출물의 미백 효과를 최초로 입증한 것이다.

4 토론

Ginseng is a natural herb commonly used in China and Korea. It has been used for thousands of years in Asia as a medicine to prevent disease and prolong life. Ginseng saponins are the main active ingredients isolated from ginseng. As a secondary rare ginseng saponin, ginsenoside Rg5 is present in low concentrations in ginseng, making it difficult to prepare. 연구on its pharmacological activity has not been widely conducted. Therefore, more detailed and in-depth research on the preparation, isolation, pharmacological analysis, structure-activity relationship and clinical application of ginsenoside Rg5 monomers is of great reference value for the research and development of new drugs. Ginsenoside Rg5 has a variety of biological activities and pharmacological effects. With the current emphasis on the production and application of natural medicines, the development and utilization of ginsenoside Rg5 will become another hotspot in the research of traditional Chinese medicine.

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