아스트라갈루스 다당류 추출물의 용도는?

Astragalusis the root 의Astragalus membranaceus in the genus Astragalus, family Leguminosae다. Astragalus polysaccharide is a substance proposed from Astragalus membranaceus, and the content of astragalus 다당류varies among different places of origin, with the highest content in Astragalus membranaceus produced in Gansu [1]. In recent years, astragalus polysaccharides have been found to have antioxidant[6], anti-apoptotic[7], anti-inflammatory[8], immunomodulatory[9], and antimicrobial[10] effects in pigs[2], chickens[3], and rats[4], as well as in vitro experiments[5] .

With the rapid development of pig farming and feed industry, “anti-reduction” has become a trend nowadays. As a green additive, astragalus polysaccharide can improve the production performance and avoid the environmental problems caused 에 의해antibiotics. Therefore, this paper summarizes the physiological functions and mechanisms of Astragali polysaccharides at home and abroad in recent years, and gives an overview of the application effects in swine production, with a view to providing references for the use of Astragali polysaccharides in pig breeding.

아스트라갈루스 다당류의 물리화학적 성질 1

Astragalus polysaccharide is the active ingredient한의학에서는 아스트라갈루스 (Astragalus), 황갈색을 띠며 람노즈, 아라비노스, 자일로스, 만노즈, 갈락토오스, 일반설탕 [11]으로 구성되어 있다.아스트라갈루스 다당류의 분자량은 80~160 kDa 사이로 생물학적 활성이 뚜렷하다 [12].

아스트라갈루스 다당류의 생리적 기능과 작용기전 2

2.1 항산화제의 특성

In the process of energy 신진대사, the mitochondria in the cells will generate a large number of free radicals, which will cause various cellular damages. Astragali polysaccharides can directly or indirectly destroy free radicals and their oxidized products. 2.1.1 Direct Scavenging of Free Radicals

2.1.1 활성산소의 직접 청소

In the presence of oxygen and metal ions (e.g., Fe2+ and Cu2+ ), mitochondria produce a group of strong oxidizing groups in energy metabolism, such as superoxide anion (O2- ), hydroxyl radical (OH- ), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-phenylhydrazine radical (DPPH- ). Ni Huiyan etal [13] found that astragalus polysaccharides had scavenging effects on DPPH-, OH-, and O2- in an in vitro antioxidant assay. 이scavenging efficiency of astragalus polysaccharides in scavenging free radicals was concentration-dependent.

Luo Nan 등 14)은 아스트라갈리 다당류 용액의 농도가 0.1 mg/mL에서 0.9 mg/mL로 증가하였으며,의 증가에 따라 oh-소거 효율도 증가하였다아스트라갈리 다당류의 농도, 그리고 0.9 mg/mL에서 가장 높은 청소효율을 보였다.그러나 아스트라갈리 다당류의 자유 라디칼 소거 능력이 한계가 있는지는 알려져 있지 않다.

The scavenging of free radicals by astragalus polysaccharides is mainly caused by the following two aspects: OH- and O2- can combine with OH- and H+ provided by each monosaccharide group in astragalus polysaccharides to form stable compound water, thus scavenging free radicals [15- 16]; astragalus polysaccharides, as a kind of polysaccharide plant extracts, the OH- of polysaccharides can be complexed with Fe2+ and Cu2+, which are necessary for the generation of free radicals, thus reducing the generation of free radicals [17]. The OH- on polysaccharides can complex with Fe2+ and Cu2+, which are essential for the production of free radicals, thus reducing the production of free radicals [17]. However, the above studies were all conducted in vitro, and the in vivo scavenging of free radicals by Astragalus polysaccharides is still not perfect and needs further research.

2.1.2 활성산소종 (reactive oxygen species, ROS)의 수준을 억제하고 과산화효소의 활성을 증가시킨다

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are derivatives of free radicals. In the process of electron transfer in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, part of the oxygen is not fully oxidized to produce ROS [18]. It has been found that astragalus polysaccharide reduces the generation of ROS in myocytes[19] and endothelialcells[20]by maintaining the stability of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. When the content of ROS and free radicals increases in the body, the content of peroxides will also increase. Therefore, various peroxidases [e.g., superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH- PX)] are produced in the body to scavenge excess peroxides and free radicals.

Xu Shengming et al [21] increased SOD and GSH-P1 activities in the blood of weaned piglets by 8.8% and 104.5%, respectively, with the addition of Astragalus polysaccharide to their diets다.천웨이 등 [22]은 astragalus 다당류가 SOD2mRNA 및 SOD2 활성의 발현 수준을 증가시킴으로써 형질전환된 SOD2+/-마우스에서 peroxidase 유전자의 기능부전을 개선할 수 있음을 발견하였다.메커니즘은 아스트라갈루스 다당류가 아데닐레이트 활성화 단백질 키나아제 (adenylate-activated protein kinase, AMPK)를 활성화시켜 과산화효소 유전자의 발현 수준을 높이고, [23] 과산화효소 활성을 증가시키는 것이다.그러나 AMPK 가 과산화효소의 활성을 조절하는 구체적인 메커니즘은 아직 조사되어야 한다.

2. 2 Anti-apoptosis

Apoptosis is mainly realized through the mitochondrial pathway, endoplasmic reticulum stress and death receptor pathway. In the present study, only the mitochondrial pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress were found to have the anti-apoptotic function of Astragali다당류다.

2.2.1 미토콘드리아 막의 안정화

The stability of mitochondrial membrane plays an important role in the process of apoptosis. Excessive Ca2+, B-셀lymphoma-2 protein (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-related X protein (Bax) can alter the permeability of mitochondrial membranes, resulting in the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria into the cytosol, and ultimately activating the cysteine-aspartate protease caspase3 to induce apoptosis. Fan Zongjing et al.[24] found that astragalus polysaccharide could significantly reduce the concentration of Ca2+ in cardiomyocytes during transient ischemia and hypoxia, alleviate the damage of transient ischemia and hypoxia on the outer membrane of mitochondria, and avoid apoptosis of cardiomyocytes.

Sun 등 [25]은 아스트라갈리 다당류가 Bcl-2의 발현을 증진시키고 Bax의 발현을 억제하여 미토콘드리아에서 Bcl-2와 Bax의 비율을 증가시켜 세포사멸을 억제할 수 있음을 발견하였다.Liu et al.[26]은 아스트라갈리 다당류가 파킨슨&의 미토콘드리아에 일정한 보호 효과를 줄 수 있음을 발견했다#39;s disease mouse model, thus reducing the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria. Liu et al.[26] found that astragalus polysaccharide could have a certain protective effect on mitochondria, thus reducing the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria and avoiding apoptosis. Wei Pingting et al.[27] found that astragalus polysaccharide could significantly reduce the expression of caspase 3 protein in the renal tissue of rats affected by ephedrine, and reduce the apoptosis of renal tissue cells, thus slowing down the damage of ephedrine to the renal tissue of rats.

2.2.2 소포체 스트레스 (ERS)

소포체 스트레스 (Endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS)는 세포자멸사의 주요 경로 중 하나이며, ERS는 주로 C/EBP homol-ogous protein (CHOP), c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) 경로 및 caspase 12 [28]를 통해 세포자멸사를 유도한다.c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway와 caspase 12 [28]에 의한 세포사멸.ERS의 강력한 효과 하에, activated transcription factor (ATF)6의 증가와 PRKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)의 과발현이 CHOP의 증가를 유발하였고, 이는 Bcl-2를 억제하여 세포사멸을 유도할 수 있다.CHOP은 Bcl-2를 억제하여 세포사멸을 유도할 수 있다.

In a diabetic rat model, astragalus polysaccharide reduced CHOP protein synthesis by inhibiting ATF6 activation [29] and decreasing PERK expression [30] [31]. Prolonged ERS continuously activates inositol need enzymes (IER)1, which in turn transmits apoptotic signals to the JNK pathway to cause apoptosis [32]. Ouyang Jingping et al [33] found that astragalus polysaccharide could inhibit the activation of IER1 in a diabetic rat model. In a cardiac ischemia perfusion model, astragali polysaccharides increased the Bcl-2 to Bax ratio in cardiomyocytes by inhibiting the activation of JNK and prevented cardiomyocyte apoptosis [34]. Meanwhile, caspase 12, the initiator of apoptosis, can activate caspase 3 and induce apoptosis. In a diabetic rat model, astragali polysaccharide inhibited the expression of caspase 12 to reduce the apoptosis rate of cardiomyocytes[35] .

In summary, astragaloside can reduce apoptosis by maintaining the stability of mitochondrial membrane and reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, the specific mechanism of astragalus polysaccharide in reducing apoptosis through the death receptor pathway needs to be further investigated.

2. 3 항 염증

Nuclear transcription factor-κ B (NF-κ B) plays an important role in inflammation. Under the stimulation of inflammatory mediators, inhibitory protein-κ B (Iκ B) in the cytosol is phosphorylated and detached from NF-κ B, thus activating NF-κ B [36]. Activated NF-κ B can enter the cell nucleus and regulate the expression of a series of pro-inflammatory genes, thus enhancing the inflammatory response [37]. It has been found that astragalus polysaccharide can inhibit the activation of NF-κ B in cells [38] and prevent the phosphorylation of Iκ B [39], reduce the level of activated NF-κ B in cells, and thus slow down inflammation. Cheng Yan[40] and others found that astragalus polysaccharides inhibited the expression of inflammatory mediators and reduced the release of inflammatory mediators in a mouse model of sepsis, thus preventing the damage of sepsis to cardiomyocytes. Some proteases are also involved in the inflammatory process, such as cyclooxygenase (COX), which catalyzes the production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, allowing inflammation to spread. Liu Ling et al.[41] found that astragalus polysaccharides inhibit the expression of the COX gene, thus reducing the production of COX enzyme and playing an anti-inflammatory role.

In summary, astragalus polysaccharide can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent in three ways: first, it can reduce the level of activated NF-κ B, thus reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators; second, it can inhibit the expression of inflammatory mediators, thus lowering the level of inflammatory mediators; and third, it can change the activity of inflammatory enzymes through the regulation of the genes of inflammation-related enzymes, thus exerting its effect of inhibiting inflammation.

2.4 면책 규정

2.4.1 면역기관의 발달 증진

동물의 힘 's immunity is determined by the development of its immune organs (e.g. spleen, thymus, bursa). Xiang Shuangyun et 알다.[3] significantly increased the spleen and bursa indices of laying hens by injecting them with Astragalus polysaccharide for 3 consecutive days before vaccination against Newcastle disease. Zhang et al. [42] found that feeding Astragali polysaccharide solution to rats vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease virus stimulated the proliferation of rat spleen cells, and LI et al. [43] found that injecting Astragali polysaccharide solution into pigs vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease virus significantly increased the quality of their spleens.

면역세포의 강화 2.4.2

Immune cells mainly include T cells, B cells, macrophages and so on. Among them, T cells are the main cells in cellular immunity, which are mainly divided into two subpopulations-CD4+ and CD8+ according to their functions [44], and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ can be used to measure the immunity performance of the body [45]. It was found that astragalus polysaccharide increased the number of T cells by increasing the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in breeding sows, which in turn improved the immune performance of breeding sows [9]. Wang Chaofeng et al.[46] showed that the addition of astragalus polysaccharide to diets significantly increased the CD4+ in the blood of weaned piglets, which in turn increased the CD4+/CD8+ ratio and enhanced the immunity of piglets.

후 걸 사령관 Xi'e et al.[47] injected lactating piglets with astragali polysaccharide solution and found that astragali polysaccharide reduced CD8+ in piglets and induced B cells to secrete more globulins. γ-Interferon-γ (IFN-γ ) is a water-soluble glycoprotein, produced by activated T cells. IFN-γ can promote T cell differentiation and enhance cellular immunity by up-regulating the transcription factor T-bet. Yao Jingming et al [48] injected pigs vaccinated against swine fever with astragalus polysaccharide solution, which could significantly increase the IFN-γ content in pigs vaccinated against swine fever, promote T cell differentiation, and then enhance cellular immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLR4) play an important role in the immune function of phagocytes, and it has been found that the polysaccharide structure of astragalus polysaccharides activates phagocytes by binding to TLR4 on the surface of phagocytes, thus stimulating the secretion of immune-related effectors by phagocytes, and thus enhancing the immune ability of phagocytes [49-51].

2. 5 항균

Astragalus polysaccharide has antibacterial properties [10]. In vitro antimicrobial tests showed that astragalus polysaccharides inhibited Escherichia coli, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus, but the inhibitory effect was most obvious in E. coli [52]. Xie Hongbing et al [53] added 800 mg/kg astragalus polysaccharide to the diet of weaned piglets and found that the number of E. coli in the intestinal tract of weaned piglets in the astragalus polysaccharide group was significantly reduced compared with that of the control group.Li [54] et al. added 200 mg/kg astragalus polysaccharide to the diet of 1-day-old hens and carried out a feeding trial for 42 days, and found that the number of E. coli in the ileum and the cecum of the hens was reduced by 4% and 6%, respectively.5

The antibacterial effect of astragalus polysaccharide on the intestinal tract of 1-day-old hens was also found to be significant. The main mechanism of antibacterial effect of astragalus polysaccharide is as follows: astragalus polysaccharide promotes the development of intestinal villi, increases the number of tonsils and lymph nodes in the intestine, and enhances intestinal immune function, which in turn induces the proliferation of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the intestinal tract [55]. As a result, the production efficiency of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the decomposition of food to produce organic acids is greatly increased, which in turn lowers the pH in the intestine to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine [56]. In summary, in the animal in vivo test, the effect of Astragali polysaccharide on E. coli was significant, but there is a lack of accurate data on the inhibitory effect on other pathogenic bacteria, which needs to be investigated.

Astragalus polysaccharide 가 돼지 생산에 미치는 영향 3

돼지 생산 증가에 대한 효과 3.1

From Table 1, it can be seen that adding Astragalus polysaccharide to feed돼지를 기르는 생산 성능을 향상시킬 수 있다.이 메커니즘은 주로 두 가지 측면에 의해 발생하는데, 아스트라갈루스 다당류는 장내 상피세포와 소장 융모세포의 성장을 촉진하여 장내 발달을 촉진하고, 직접적으로 장내 소화 및 영양소의 흡수 효율을 향상시킬 수 있다 [60];반면 아스트라갈루스 다당류는 유익균의 수를 증가시켜 탄수화물의 장내 유익균 분해가 유기산에 의해 쉽게 흡수될 수 있도록 함으로써 간접적으로 장내 영양소의 흡수를 촉진시킨다 [56].

On the other hand, astragalus polysaccharide increases the number of beneficial bacteria, which makes them decompose carbohydrates into organic acids, thus indirectly promoting the intestinal absorption of nutrients [56]. However, when the amount of astragalus polysaccharide is added to the diet is too large, astragalus polysaccharide will increase the viscosity of the chow in the gastrointestinal tract, reduce the interaction between digestive enzymes and chow, and then reduce the digestibility, which will ultimately affect the production performance of growing pigs [61]. To summarize, adding suitable concentration of astragalus polysaccharide to the diet can improve the performance of growing pigs.

멧돼지 정액에 대한 효과 3.3

극저온 희석 용액에 0.3 mg/mL 아스트라갈루스 다당류를 첨가하면 멧돼지 정액 냉동보존의 보존 효과를 상당히 향상시킬 수 있음이 밝혀졌다 [67].Liu Ying 등 68은 극저온 희석 용액에 0.04 mg/mL, 0.06 mg/mL, 0.08 mg/mL, 0.10 mg/mL의 아스트라갈루스 다당류를 첨가하였고 0.08 mg/mL의 아스트라갈루스 다당류가 멧돼지 정액에 대한 보존 효과가 가장 좋다는 것을 발견하였다.동결과정에서 돼지 정자에서 ROS 생성과 혈장막 내 불포화지방산의 지질과산화를 유도하여 산화적 손상 [69]을 초래할 수 있기 때문에, astragalus 다당류는 catalase의 활성과 정자 내 mRNA 발현을 증가시킬 수 있고 [70], 동시에 정자 미토콘드리아 내 과도한 ROS를 제거할 수 있고 [71], 정자's ability to resist oxidative stress. However, different scholars have different opinions on the appropriate concentration of astragalus polysaccharide. This may be due to the different molecular weights of astragalus polysaccharides. The origin, extraction method and molecular weight of astragalus polysaccharides should be considered when adding astragalus polysaccharides to feeds. Detailed data on the effect of astragalosides on semen formation are not available.

4 요약

In summary, astragalus polysaccharides have specific physiological functions, and their application in swine production has achieved preliminary results in recent years. In order to better meet the future goal of “antimicrobial-free farming” and to better utilize astragalosides, in-depth studies are needed in the following aspects: 1) to explore a new extraction method of astragalosides and to improve the efficiency of astragaloside extraction; 2) to investigate the appropriate concentration of astragalosides in feed for different breeds of pigs and at different stages of growth and to study the side effects and their mechanisms caused by excessive additions; 3) to study the effect of astragalosides on the diets of pigs of different breeds and growth stages. 2) Explore the appropriate concentration of astragalus polysaccharide in feed for different breeds of pigs and different growth stages, and study the side effects caused by over-addition of astragalus polysaccharide and its mechanism; 3) Explore the effect and mechanism of the combined application of astragalus polysaccharide with other plant polysaccharides, probiotic bacteria, and traditional Chinese medicines to improve the performance of pigs.

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[18] 겡준웨이, 유한, 린지.동물세포내 반응성 산소종의 생성 및 대사 (J.2015년 생명과학, (5) 27일:609-617다.

[19] Huang Y F,Lu L,Zhu D J, 외. dysaccharides 가 dys-기능에 미치는 영향 of  미 토 콘 드리아 역학 유도 by  산화 스트레스 [J]이다.산화 약 &세포의 수명, 2016년 (10):어 있다.

[20]   한효 주 당나라,  루,  et   al.   Astragalus   polysaccharide   H2O2의 유도성을 개선합니다  인간  배꼽  정맥  endothelial   cell   부상 [J]다.분자의학보고 (Molecular Medicine Reports), 2017, 15(6):4027-4034.