Fermented D Mannose Raw Materials Contribute to Healthy Products

 D-Mannose is a hexose monosaccharide with a natural sweet taste but low calorie content, making it an ideal low-calorie sweetener. It is naturally present in a variety 의fru의그리고is also a component of plant polysaccharides such as pectin and galactomannan.

D-mannose has the chemical formula C6H12O6 and exists as a white crystalline powder at room temperature and pressure. It has a sweet taste with a slight bitter aftertaste and a low caloric content. D-mannose is widely distributed in nature: it is an important component of carbohydrates in body fluids and tissues, such as serum globulins, ovomucoid, and cell surface receptors containing D-mannose polysaccharides. [1]The cell walls of plants such as palm seeds and coconut shells contain polysaccharides composed of D-mannose, and free D-mannose is also present in some fruits, such as citrus fruits, peaches, and apples [2].

D-mannose is currently produced primarily through plant extraction, chemical synthesis, and bioconversion processes. As research into D-mannose deepens and its application areas expand, market demand continues to grow.

Selecting efficient, economical, sustainable, and compliant production processes is critical to ensuring raw material quality and stable supply. When comparing the three production methods for D-mannose, bioconversion (enzymatic method) stands out as the most promising process: it operates under mild reaction conditions (compared to high-temperature/high-pressure or strong acid/strong alkali conditions), exhibits high selectivity, produces minimal by-products (compared to chemical methods), is environmentally friendly (reducing pollution), has a stable raw material source (fructose/glucose), and is better suited for large-scale production and meeting stringent purity requirements (especially for export).

Green Spring Technology employs advanced bioconversion technology to produce D-mannose, ensuring high purity, stability, and cost-effectiveness. We supply 99% natural D-mannose powder, a key raw material for functional foods and health supplements, for use in your innovative product formulations.

Contact us at helen@greenspringbio.com for the latest COA.

1 Production Process of D-Mannose

Currently, the main production methods for D-mannose include plant extraction, chemical synthesis, and bioconversion. In the past, commercialised D-mannose was extracted from plants or produced chemically using D-glucose as raw material. However, these two methods are limited by raw material supply, energy consumption, by-products, or complex downstream purification steps. Therefore, biological methods for producing D-mannose have garnered increasing attention in recent years. Research progress on different production processes is summarised in Table 1.

1. 1   Plant extraction method

The plant extraction method involves hydrolysing (acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, etc.), filtering, separating, purifying, and concentrating polysaccharides and oligosaccharides from plants and fruits to ex관D-mannose. Among these, palm kernels, coffee grounds, Brazilian berry seeds, and jujube powder are good raw materials for producing D-mannose [8–9]. In research literature, the temperature for the plant extraction method generally ranges from 50 to 121 °C, with the time controlled between 30 minutes and 4 hours [10–12].

The specific D-mannose extraction conditions and yields are shown in Table 1. Additionally, D-mannose polysaccharides are also present in the cell walls of many microorganisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris, which can also be used for D-mannose extraction [13]. The advantages of this method include being plant-based, low-cost, and high-yield, making it suitable for industrial production. However, the drawbacks include the need for high temperatures and high concentrations of acid/alkali solvents during production, which can lead to environmental pollution, and the production process being significantly influenced by regional and seasonal factors.

1.2 화학 합성법

The chemical synthesis method primarily uses molybdate catalysts to catalyse the isomerisation of D-glucose to synthesise D-mannose. Chemical synthesis production requires strict control of reaction conditions. As shown in Table 1, the temperature range is 100–150 °C, pH is approximately 3.0, and reaction time is between 1–2 hours. The conversion yield of D-glucose to D-mannose ranges from 29.2% to 44.8%. The advantage of the chemical synthesis method is the stable supply of raw materials, but the disadvantage is the high cost of raw materials. Additionally, due to the poor specificity of inorganic catalysts toward substrates, the process often produces numerous by-products, making separation difficult and increasing costs. Therefore, the chemical synthesis method still faces significant challenges in production processes and is currently unsuitable for the industrial production of D-mannose.

1.3 Biological method

The biological conversion method uses D-fructose or D-glucose as raw materials and converts them into D-mannose through enzymatic reactions. Relevant enzyme genes can be identified from microorganisms, and recombinant expression plasmid vectors can be constructed to obtain recombinant engineered bacteria that can produce high yields of the relevant enzymes, which are then used in enzymatic reactions to produce D-mannose [14].

The most extensively studied enzyme is D-mannose isomerase. Additionally, D-rhamnose isomerase can also be used to produce D-mannose. It is an aldose-ketose isomerase with broad substrate specificity, capable of catalysing isomerisation reactions between D-xylose and D-rhamnose, as well as between D-fructose and D-mannose [15]. Enzyme genes related to D-mannose production have been successfully isolated from bacterial genera such as Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, and Escherichia coli, with Escherichia coli commonly used as the host for engineering the enzymes [14, 16].

Research on enzyme-mediated D-mannose production is relatively abundant, and production conditions and yields from other literature are summarised in Table 1. During production, enzyme activity is significantly influenced by temperature and pH. As shown in Table 1, the optimal temperature range is 45–60 °C, the pH range is 6.5–9.0, the reaction time is 1–8 hours, and the conversion rate ranges from 22.1% to 39.3%. The advantages of enzyme-mediated production of D-mannose include stable raw material sources, mild reaction conditions, and low costs. However, the isomerase catalysed in current reports has low catalytic efficiency and is easily affected by reaction conditions.

Through optimising enzyme engineering and process conditions, Green Spring Technology has achieved high conversion rates using our bioconversion method.

2 Physiological characteristics and potential applications of D-mannose Powder

D-mannose in the human body participates in maintaining normal cellular communication functions, including cell communication, adhesion, signal transmission, and reception, playing a crucial role in the human immune defence system. In recent years, D-mannose has garnered extensive research attention due to its unique metabolic pathways and biological activity. Existing scientific studies indicate that D-mannose has potential application value in the following areas:  

2.1. Application Research in Urinary Health

Some studies suggest that D-mannose may interact with the adhesion mechanisms of certain bacteria in the urinary tract (e.g., in vitro studies with mannose-sensitive Escherichia coli) [7-11]. As a raw material for functional foods or dietary supplements, D-mannose supports the development of formulations for urinary system health.  

2.2. Metabolic Regulation-Related Research

Metabolic intermediates of D-mannose (e.g., M-6-P) may influence cellular energy metabolism through specific pathways. It can provide raw material support for metabolic health products.

2.3. Immunomodulation and Glycobiology Applications

Some studies have found that D-mannose may participate in glycosylation processes, influencing the differentiation of immune cells (e.g., T cells) (based on cell or animal model studies) [15]. It could serve as a potential component for glycoprotein synthesis or immune regulation formulations.  

2.4. Other Emerging Application Areas  

In skin health, D-mannose, due to its moisturising properties and glycosylation characteristics, could be used as an auxiliary component in cosmetics or topical formulations.  

요약 및 전망 3

In recent years, D-mannose, as a natural raw material, has garnered increasing attention from the food, pharmaceutical, and other industries. Continuous in-depth research into its production processes and biological characteristics has revealed that, compared to plant extraction methods and chemical conversion methods, the biological method for producing D-mannose offers significant advantages. Additionally, D-mannose is a highly functional and valuable ‘signal sugar’ that can exert various physiological functions through different pathways.

Further research data on D-mannose is still needed to support its application in functional foods and biopharmaceuticals. In terms of application, D-mannose has already been added to dietary supplements primarily targeting the protection of the female urinary system. In the future, D-mannose is expected to play a more active and important role in functional foods and other fields.

Green Spring Technology supplies natural fermented D-mannose powder that meets international standards (such as FDA, pharmacopoeia standards, etc.). It complies with quality management systems like ISO and international food safety regulations regarding impurities, solvent residues, etc., meeting your formulation development and production needs. Contact us for more information.

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